来源:欧洲议会官网

https://www.europarl.europa.eu

当地时间1月20日,欧洲议会以530票赞成、78票反对、80票弃权的表决结果通过了《数字服务法》。这一法案旨在进一步加强对大型互联网平台的监管,确保平台对其算法负责,并改进内容审核。法案将被用作与代表成员国的理事会主席国法国进行谈判的授权。

投票结束后,领导议会谈判小组的Christel Schaldemose(S&D,DK)说:“今天的投票表明,欧洲议会议员和欧盟公民希望制定一项面向未来的、加强对数字经济监管的法规。自通过电子商务指令后的20年里,情况发生了很多变化。在线平台在我们的日常生活中变得越来越重要,它带来了新的机会,但随之而来也有新的风险。我们有责任确保在线下认定非法的行为,在线上同样认定为非法。我们需要确保我们制定的数字规则对消费者和公民有利。现在我们可以与理事会进行谈判,我相信我们将能够在这些问题上取得进展。”

删除非法内容和防止虚假信息的传播

《数字服务法》(DSA)提案为数字服务提供者(特别是社交平台和电商平台等在线平台),明确了责任和问责制。

《数字服务法》(DSA)建立了“通知-行动”机制和保障措施,以清除网上的非法产品和服务。数字服务提供者在收到此类通知后,应“考虑非法内容的类型和行动的紧迫性,在没有不当延迟的情况下”采取行动。欧洲议会还制订了更有力的保障措施,以确保以非任意和非歧视的方式处理通知,并尊重包括言论自由在内的基本权利。

欧洲议会议员说,在线平台必须确保消费者在网上购买产品的安全性,加强追踪商人的义务(“了解你的客户”原则)。

超大型平台的附加义务

由于超大型平台(VLOPs)在传播违法与有害内容时具有特殊风险,其应该承担特定义务。法案旨在通过强制性风险评估、风险缓和措施、独立审计及算法推荐透明度等方式来有效解决有害(可能并不违法)和虚假信息传播的问题。

其他重点

议会对委员会的提案进行了如下修改:

(1)豁免小微企业的某些义务。

(2)针对性广告投放:该文本为数字服务的用户提供了包括透明度和知情度更高的选择,包括用户数据如何变现。对用户来说,拒绝同意不应当比做出同意更加困难或费时。若同意遭到拒绝或撤回,用户应有权选择其他方式访问平台,包括“基于无跟踪广告的选择”。

(3)禁止为投放广告而使用涉及未成年人数据的定向或放大技术,也禁止根据特定类别的数据对弱势群体进行定向;

(4)赔偿:数据服务的用户与组织应当享有因平台不遵守其调查义务而造成的一切损害请求赔偿的权利。

(5)应当禁止网络平台使用欺骗或诱导技术,通过“算法黑箱”影响用户选择。

(6)基于算法排名上允许更多选择:超大型平台应当至少提供一个不基于数据分析的推荐系统。

(7)全体会议批准其他涉及数字服务提供者的修正案时,需要在其条款和条件中体现尊重言论自由、媒体自由和多元化,以及一项关于匿名使用和支付数字服务的权利的新规定(投票名单见此,提交给会议的所有修正案见此)。


MEPs agreed a draft set of measures to tackle illegal content, to ensure platforms are held accountable for their algorithms, and improve content moderation.

The text approved today by Parliament with 530 votes to 78, with 80 abstentions, will be used as the mandate to negotiate with the French presidency of the Council, representing member states.

After the vote, Christel Schaldemose (S&D, DK), who is leading the Parliament’s negotiating team, said: “Today’s vote shows MEPs and EU citizens want an ambitious digital regulation fit for the future. Much has changed in the 20 years since we adopted the e-commerce directive. Online platforms have become increasingly important in our daily life, bringing new opportunities, but also new risks. It is our duty to make sure that what is illegal offline is illegal online. We need to ensure that we put in place digital rules to the benefit of consumers and citizens. Now we can enter into negotiations with the Council, and I believe we will be able to deliver on these issues”.

Removing illegal content and preventing the spread of disinformation

The Digital Services Act (DSA) proposal defines clear responsibilities and accountability for providers of intermediary services, and in particular online platforms, such as social media and marketplaces.

The DSA establishes a “notice and action” mechanism, as well as safeguards, for the removal of illegal products, services or content online. Providers of hosting services should act on receipt of such a notice “without undue delay, taking into account the type of illegal content that is being notified and the urgency of taking action”. MEPs also included stronger safeguards to ensure notices are processed in a non-arbitrary and non-discriminatory manner and with respect for fundamental rights, including the freedom of expression.

Online marketplaces must ensure that consumers can purchase safe products online, MEPs say, strengthening the obligation to trace traders (the “Know Your Business Customer” principle).

Additional obligations for very large platforms

Very large online platforms (VLOPs) will be subject to specific obligations due to the particular risks they pose regarding the dissemination of both illegal and harmful content. The DSA would help to tackle harmful content (which might not be illegal) and the spread of disinformation by including provisions on mandatory risk assessments, risk mitigation measures, independent audits and the transparency of so-called “recommender systems” (algorithms that determine what users see).

Other key points

Parliament introduced several changes to the Commission proposal, including on:

exempting micro and small enterprises from certain DSA obligations;

targeted advertising: the text provides for more transparent and informed choice for the recipients of digital services, including information on how their data will be monetised. Refusing consent shall be no more difficult or time-consuming to the recipient than giving consent. If their consent is refused or withdrawn, recipients shall be given other options to access the online platform, including “options based on tracking-free advertising”;

targeting or amplification techniques involving the data of minors for the purpose of displaying ads will be prohibited, as well as targeting individuals on the basis of special categories of data which allow for targeting vulnerable groups;

compensation: recipients of digital services and organisations representing them must be able to seek redress for any damages resulting from platforms not respecting their due diligence obligations;

online platforms should be prohibited from using deceiving or nudging techniques to influence users’ behaviour through “dark patterns”;

more choice on algorithm-based ranking: VLOPs should provide at least one recommender system that is not based on profiling.

Further amendments approved in plenary relate to the need for providers to respect in their terms and conditions the freedom of expression and freedom and pluralism of the media, as well as a new provision on the right to use and pay for digital services anonymously (the voting list is available here and all amendments tabled to plenary here).

参考链接:https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220114IPR21017/digital-services-act-regulating-platforms-for-a-safer-online-space-for-users

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